1 source per response
discussion 1 – respond to initial post below – the original discussion is “Identify the top three inputs that shaped the policy and explain their impact on the output.”
ONE REFERENCE per rsponse required –
3.1 –
Danielle Baker
One current public policy highly relevant to law enforcement is the debate surrounding police reform initiatives. “Across the country community members reacted to the horrific police murders of Black Americans, including George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, by renewing calls on their local governments to engage in meaningful police reform. They called for a wide range of overdue reforms, such as increasing transparency and accountability, restricting use of force, and reallocating resources from law enforcement to support nonarmed emergency response and public health and human services” (Su, Roy, & Davidson, 2022).
Firstly, public outcry and activism have played a pivotal role in shaping police reform policies. “Focusing events – sudden, relatively rare events that spark media and public attention are another way to gain policy-makers’ attention. Examples are natural calamities, wars, or scandals. In the wake of such events, policy-makers may be pushed to provide an immediate solution, which requires giving heightened attention to the issue” (Schito, 2022). This groundswell of public pressure has compelled policymakers to take action, leading to the introduction of legislative proposals and executive orders aimed at addressing concerns about police misconduct and racial bias.
Secondly, the input of law enforcement agencies and unions has also had a profound impact on shaping police reform policies. These entities wield considerable influence through lobbying efforts and collective bargaining agreements, often advocating for measures that prioritize officer safety and procedural protections. Consequently, their input has influenced the design and implementation of reforms, sometimes resulting in compromises that balance accountability with the demands of law enforcement personnel.
Thirdly, academic research and expert recommendations have provided valuable insights into effective policing strategies and best practices. Scholars, criminologists, and policy analysts have conducted studies examining the root causes of police misconduct and evaluating the efficacy of various reform measures. “It is unlikely that any single policy will solve a complex problem, but it might significantly reduce the problem. It is important to remember than in the world of politics and policy there are likely to be competing solutions to problems” (Simon, 2017). Their input has informed policy discussions, offering evidence-based solutions and guiding policymakers in crafting comprehensive reform packages that address systemic issues within law enforcement agencies.
Schito, M. (2022, March 12). Public policy 101: The stages of the process. Byarcadia.
Simon, C. A. (2017). Public Policy (3rd ed.). Taylor & Francis. https://ambassadored.vitalsource.com/books/9781315474434
Su, R., Roy, M., & Davidson, N. (2022). Preemption of Police Reform: A Roadblock to Racial Justice. Temple Law Review, 94(4), 663–676.
Ryan Miller
Class and Professor,
In this week’s discussion I am looking at the input on the policy of climate change and how that impacted the output. According to Knutson, input is “Demands for action that come from individuals and groups as well as the support for the system that comes when individuals and groups accept the system of government, for example by paying taxes, obeying laws, and abiding by results of elections” (2023). The United States Climate Change Policy (2021) specifies “projected climate change impacts are affecting, and are virtually certain to increasingly affect, the U.S. economy, trade, and other essential U.S. interests.” Lindvall and Karlsson (2022) found that outputs is resultant in legislation, targets, and engagement.
The US economy impacts legislation by the President setting clean electricity and carbon reduction efforts to create jobs and give goals to achieve by 2030. Trade and the economy are intertwined, any impact to trade, impacts the economy. By achieving the goals set, the economy is spurned by these initiatives. Another impact of input is the implementation of legislation, and joining of international agreements. The United States reentered the Paris Agreement in 2021, following a four year absence. Two other pieces of legislation were passed, the Energy Act of 2020, and the Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020. All of these laws are a direct result of policy output.
Knutson, K. (2023). An Introduction to U.S. Public Policy: Theory and Practice. Gustavus Adolphus College
Lattanzio, R., Leggett, J., Procita, k., Ramseau, J., Clark, C., Croft, G., Miller, R. (2021). U.S. Climate Change Policy. Congressional Research Service. https://crsreports.congress.gov
Lindvall, D., Karlsson, M. (2022). Exploring the democracy-climate nexus: a review of correlations between democracy and climate policy performance. Climate Policy. Vol. 24 Iss. 1
V/r,
Ryan Miller
QUESTION 2 – Explain and provide an example of the importance and interrelatedness of policy to economics and economics to policy and how it fosters political legitimacy. Use the course texts and scholarly journals to support and defend your positions. ( 1 resource required per response)
IMANI
Policy to Economics
Economics is critically affected by policy and vice versa. The efficiency of a policy can be determined based on its ability to support the economy and be supported by the economy. The COVID-19 period provides a distinctive view of the interrelatedness of policy and economy. The progression of lockdown restriction policies reflected the economic implications of the policies (Brodeur et al., 2021). The partial lockdown restrictions at the onset aimed to sustain the economy while promoting safety and public health.
The COVID-related restrictions were imposed to ensure public safety. However, the government promoted work-from-home strategies to sustain the economy. This was also evident in the partial restrictions in different regions to ensure the flow of goods and commodities. Following the devastation of the economy by the pandemic, the state governments resorted to proof of vaccination as a requirement to allow access to persons (Karaivanov et al., 2022). This approach helped revive the economy faster and use the available opportunities to promote economic development. The development and progression of restriction policies reveal the interrelatedness between policy and economy and the integral need to understand the impacts of a policy on the economy prior to implementation (Elgin et al., 2020).
References
Brodeur, A., Gray, D., Islam, A., & Bhuiyan, S. (2021). A literature review of the economics of COVID‐19. Journal of economic surveys, 35(4), 1007-1044.
Elgin, C., Basbug, G., & Yalaman, A. (2020). Economic policy responses to a pandemic: Developing the COVID-19 economic stimulus index. Covid Economics, 1(3), 40-53.
Karaivanov, A., Kim, D., Lu, S. E., & Shigeoka, H. (2022). COVID-19 vaccination mandates and vaccine uptake. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(12), 1615-1624.
Joshua Hasting
Unit 3.2 DB: Policy to Economics
Public policy and economics are interrelated at all levels of governance, each having an affect on the other. A government is not capable of creating additional policy if an economy is not strong to support it and the same is true for a strong economy, which would see greater policy development. Rushefsky supports this concept, “An economy that is growing at a healthy, moderate rate with low inflation can develop new programs and help those who need assistance.” (2017, p. 46) At the federal level two economic tools take precedence which are fiscal and monetary policy. Fiscal policy is created and implemented by the legislator which is focused on tax alterations and government spending to alter citizen behavior. When utilized it is possible for the federal government to increase or decrease spending which is typically witnessed during inflationary periods or downturns in the economy. In contrast, monetary policy is utilized by the Federal Reserve Board to influence the economy, especially in the realm of supply and demand. These tools are comprised of reserve requirements, interest rates, open market operations, and currency transactions. (Rushefsky, 2017, p. 50). Each of these tools can be utilized to influence the economy, the way the tool is utilized is based on the current state of the economy. It is also feasible that fiscal and monetary policies are implemented simultaneously by the different stakeholders. Overall, the government has the tools to shift the trajectory of the economy and influence inflation, unemployment, and ultimately public consumption.
The tools briefly explained above are utilized to affect the economy, which in turn dictate the ability of the government to implement additional policy as explained by Rushefsyk. A current policy push in America is focused on expanding electric vehicle ownership and building the infrastructure to support this ownership. The White House explains, “Americans can get up to $7,500 off the sticker price of many of the new electric vehicles eligible for the Inflation Reduction Act’s 30D New Clean Vehicle Tax Credit…” (2024) In addition, the White House also explains that The Department of Transportation is offering $149 million in grants to repair or replace nonoperational chargers. (2024) The overall policy is to promote EV production and sells within the United States to lower the consumption of combustion engines. Incorporating the information from above in relation to this policy, it is not feasible for consumers to purchase EVs due to the increased interest rates implemented by the Federal Reserve Board. The policy also creates lost revenue for the federal government due to the credits afforded to new owners. Ultimately the policy has a set purpose, but the economies current standing, interest rates, and the inability of lower income to borrow results in an ineffective policy that is only beneficial for a particular class of citizen.
It is evident that policy and economy are intertwined, creating a dependency that requires balance of both sides. The balance of these two concepts contributes to political legitimacy. Aragon, “Political legitimacy can be described as people’s recognition and acceptance of the validity of the rules of their entire political system and the decisions of their rulers.” (n.d.) If the government uses powers afforded to them to affect the economy in a negative manner or in a manner that does not benefit the populace, there is a potential for the populace to lose faith. The same is true for continued implementation of polices that expand fiscal debt and a federal government that has a reliance on budget deficits. Chandrashekeran provides an example, “Any national scale initiative that radically reworks the social relations surrounding electricity or is perceived to be doing so, be it through disruptions to profits or basic welfare and provisioning, will threaten political legitimacy.” (2022, p. 1802). This example looks at Australia’s current electricity infrastructure and the provision to the populace in relation to public policy. The article articulates the importance of electricity within the country and the expectations the populace has concerning the provision of the service. Overall, the article and the above concept show that policy and the economics influencing policy contribute to political legitimacy, which are continually in fluctuation.
References
Aragon, J. (n.d.). Political legitimacy and democracy. Loyola University Chicago. https://www.luc.edu/media/lucedu/dccirp/pdfs/articlesforresourc/Article_-_Aragon_Trelles,_Jorge_2.pdf
Mark E Rushefsky. (2017). Public Policy in the United States : Challenges, Opportunities, and Changes: Vol. Sixth edition. Routledge.
Chandrashekeran, S. (2022). Energopower, statecraft and political legitimacy. Environment & Planning E: Nature & Space, 5(4), 1788–1806. https://doi-org.postu.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/25148486221098827
The White House. (2024, January 19). FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris administration announces new actions to cut electric vehicle costs for Americans and continue building out a convenient, reliable, made-in-America EV charging network. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/01/19/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-actions-to-cut-electric-vehicle-costs-for-americans-and-continue-building-out-a-convenient-reliable-made-in-america-ev-charging-network/
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